Solar prices will continue to drop over the next decade, driven by advances in module efficiency, manufacturing, labour practices and software, while repowering potential could hit 67GW, according to research by Wood Mackenzie.
The 2020s will see levelized cost of energy (LCOE)-oriented supply chain innovation continue to drive down solar costs and improve energy yields, the research said.
Wood Mackenzie outlined six key themes for the decade ahead.
They are a shift from purely decreasing capital expenditure to a more holistic approach to reduce lifetime solar system costs, and so-called ‘solar plus’ solutions.
There were will also be a move to repower existing solar plants and issues arising about trade tensions and tariffs, while intelligent manufacturing will revolutionise the solar supply chain.
However, cybersecurity breaches could also become commonplace.
Wood Mackenzie senior analyst Xiaojing Sun said: “Enhancing solar system performance is crucial for lowering LCOE. Module and system components innovation will increase the energy generation per watt and reduce degradation.
“Intelligent system design, using software powered by data analytics coupled with real-time performance monitoring, will ensure solar systems are designed and operated to maximise energy generation and financial performance.
“The 30-year module performance warranties will put solar power plants’ lifetime on par with that of natural gas combined-cycle plants, increasing the competitiveness of solar in the marketplace.
“Innovations in wafer, cell, and modules will increase the panel power output without proportionally increasing manufacturing costs.
“We are likely to see widespread applications of n-type bifacial modules using large wafers with improved hotspot performance and lower light- and temperature-induced degradations.
“Module manufacturers will implement efficient and automated practices to lower production costs.
“As a result, 500W+ modules will be widespread in the second half of the decade yet cost no more than today’s 400W modules.”
The market for repowering existing solar plants will take off in the 2020s as the global install base for solar ages.
Wood Mackenzie analyst Lindsay Cherry said: “The repowering of solar systems allows for production of more electricity while using existing land, interconnection points and other infrastructure, leading to a lower LCOE.
“From 2020-2030, the potential market for solar repowering sites that have reached 20 years of operation could hit 67GWdc cumulatively.
“This could be a major boon for asset owners, O&M providers and solar component manufacturers.
“With the advent of more efficient and less expensive technology, repowering may even pencil out for sites younger than 20 years.”
Solar plus applications will also start to take over the market, rather than just standalone PV projects.
According to Wood Mackenzie, the late 2010s saw rapid growth of floatovoltaics in several Asian countries due to a lack of viable land.
Floatovoltaics are expected to become prominent in European and Middle Eastern countries over the next 10 years.
Higher cost is a common challenge faced by most solar plus applications, Wood Mackenzie said.
If floatovoltaics can offer any insight, costs are expected to decline as competition among vendors and developers escalates with more market entrants and rising demand, the researchers said.
The most talked about application is solar-plus-storage, they added.
“As solar and storage costs are driven down the curve, Wood Mackenzie says more utilities are likely to turn to solar-plus-storage instead of solar-only procurements to provide more dispatchable capacity on their grids,” Wood Mackenzie said.
Recent utility solar-plus-storage procurements in the US give a good preview of what’s to come during the new decade in system design and architecture, it said.
More system integrators have warmed up to DC-coupled solutions that eliminate the need for a second inverter and Wood Mackenzie expects to see greater integration of solar and storage hardware components.
Trade is good for the expansion of solar power globally, while trade barriers drive up the cost of solar and reduce the potential for deployment, the company said.
As of January 2020, solar modules sold in the US are on average 45% more expensive than in other major developed countries due to three different solar-related tariffs.
Sun said: “If the US were to remove all tariffs on imported solar modules today, system prices would go down by nearly 30%.
“In the no tariff scenario, utility-scale solar in the US would cost less than $1.00/Wdc to build in 2020, two years earlier than its current cost trajectory.
“On the contrary, if the US decided to repeat the same set of tariffs for another round, by 2026 it could cost twice as much to buy solar modules in the US than in Europe or Canada.
“Chinese module makers would see their global market share increase if all existing solar tariffs were removed.
“The biggest beneficiary would be American solar developers and consumers.
“Solar-plus-storage economics would also improve. Considering rapidly declining battery costs, the 2020s may be the decade where solar-plus-storage first becomes a competitive base load resource.
“However, a sudden do-away with tariffs would deal a huge blow to US domestic module manufacturers. South-east Asia’s capacities would also be negatively affected.”
The solar manufacturing sector could experience a technological revolution over the next decade.
Wood Mackenzie said that with the combination of 5G technology, the internet of things and artificial intelligence, solar modules, inverters and trackers will be produced in smart factories.
These futuristic manufacturing plants will be highly automated and more efficient and productive than the current-day facilities.
Fully automated production lines mean less reliance on labour and a stronger focus on IT and telecommunication technologies, the researchers said.
These processes will weaken or even neutralise the labour cost advantage of some Asian manufacturers, according to Wood Mackenzie.
The capital required to adopt 5G technologies will also create a high barrier to entry and favour players with deeper pockets, it added.
However, with an increasing reliance on technology comes the threat of cybersecurity breaches.
Cherry said: “Security experts view an attack on the electricity grid as imminent, which could have serious and far-reaching implications for the solar industry.
“The growth of distributed energy resources is of particular concern.
“While cybersecurity is addressed in portions of federal standards in the US, no comprehensive standard exists, leaving solar plants and the grid vulnerable.
“If a cyberattack hit the solar industry tomorrow, it would severely jeopardise the reliability of plants and hurt the industry both reputationally and operationally.”