Constraints on technology innovation are on the horizon for onshore wind turbines, according to research from Wood Mackenzie.
Further cost reductions could occur in the sector, but the “low hanging fruit has already been picked”, the research said.
Additional reductions will be marginal and dependent on the extended value chain as turbines reach maturity, it added.
Wood Mackenzie head of global wind research Dan Shreve said: “Ground-breaking technology advancements are generally in the offshore wind sector as opposed to the onshore industry.
“Key evolutionary changes in turbine tower design, blade materials and controls will cause further reductions in onshore wind’s LCOE, however none can be considered true game changers,” he said.
Wood Mackenzie said three key themes for the onshore wind sector in the 2020s are a final round of consolidation, repowering running into recycling issues and investment needed in transmission.
Shreve said: “In some ways, the wind energy market is beginning to resemble the natural gas CCGT market.
“The final wave of consolidation is already upon us within wind turbine OEM ranks.
“Senvion has folded, Suzlon is under fire from investors in India and Enercon is reeling after the collapse of the German onshore market.
“Siemens acquired Gamesa in 2017, while Vestas joined ranks with Mitsubishi Heavy in 2013.
“The Nordex group will likely come back into play once the US market comes back down to earth in 2023, which will add an additional strain on western turbine OEMs who are locked out of a booming Chinese market.
“If regional giants fall prey to global corporations, it is feasible that 98% of the western wind market will fall under the control of three companies.
“A similar dynamic is likely to occur within the Chinese wind energy market, especially given the highly concentrated asset owner segment within the country.
“The passing of industry pioneers is bittersweet, though likely a necessity to yield the next round of cost reductions for global wind.”
Shreve said a primary barrier to the decarbonisation of the US power grid is a lack of bulk transmission investment to support the expansion of wind power.
“Top tier wind resources are critical to reaching the low power prices demanded by the market. These tend to be more localised than solar resources and situated in more remote locations,” he said.
The coordination and cooperation between grid operators, utilities and public utility commissions is currently lacking for large scale transmission projects, Wood Mackenzie said.
But the implementation of national and pan-regional super grid projects, managed by a single governing entity, could dramatically speed up the deployment of transmission assets that are critical to attaining decarbonisation goals, it said.
Shreve said: “Establishing and empowering such an entity may also accelerate market redesign efforts aimed at expanding renewables penetration, ensuring grid resiliency and establishing the proper remuneration schemes to instil investor confidence.
“The sweeping regulatory changes required to achieve this level of harmonisation will require noteworthy decisions from a political standpoint.
“If successful, the widespread deployment of HVDC transmission will enable a substantial expansion of onshore wind energy.”
Wood Mackenzie added that the inability of the onshore wind market to develop a recycling solution for older turbines brings a new challenge for 2020 and beyond.
Shreve said: “The small size of first-generation wind turbines, and overall lack of repowering volume to date has limited the visibility of this issue.
“However, the recent success of the US 80/20 repowering programme has facilitated over 10GW of MW class turbines being repowered.
“As a result, there are thousands of +35-metre fiberglass blades currently sent to landfill – a major concern given these materials are not biodegradable and take up enormous amounts of space.
“The increased use of carbon fibre in the structural portions of these blades will add another wrinkle to recycling efforts in the future.”